Abstract: Investigates the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) nurse-infant relationship, with a focus on vocal soothing. Undertakes two observational studies to record the use of voice by NICU nurses during painful and non-painful procedures. Develops a model of vocal soothing and tests it for its ability to provide comfort to pre-term infants undergoing painful procedures. Measures pain using the Premature Infant Pain Profile Revised.