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Author Richardson, Sandra openurl 
  Title Senior nurses' perceptions of cultural safety in an acute clinical practice area Type Journal Article
  Year 2009 Publication Nursing Praxis in New Zealand Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 25 Issue 3 Pages 27-36  
  Keywords (up) Cultural safety; Attitudes and beliefs; Senior clinical nurses; Nursing perceptions  
  Abstract Presents the results of a small study aimed at eliciting the beliefs and attitudes of a group of senior nurses with respect to the concept of cultural safety, and their perception of its role in clinical practice.  
  Call Number NZNO @ research @ Serial 1449  
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Author Spence, D. openurl 
  Title The evolving meaning of 'culture' in New Zealand nursing Type Journal Article
  Year 2001 Publication Nursing Praxis in New Zealand Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 17 Issue 3 Pages 51-61  
  Keywords (up) Cultural safety; Biculturalism; History of nursing; Maori  
  Abstract The author traces the nursing definition of biculturalism as it has evolved from the colonial period to the present. An examination of nursing literature demonstrates that local understandings of culture have matured beyond anthropological interpretations to a sociopolitical definition of Maori culture. The author suggests that, in nursing, culture has come to mean cultural safety.  
  Call Number NRSNZNO @ research @ Serial 625  
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Author Arcus, K.J.; Wilson, D. openurl 
  Title Choosing Whitireia as a political act: Celebrating 20 years of a nurse education at Whitireia Community Polytechnic 1986-2006 Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication Whitireia Nursing Journal Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 13 Issue Pages 12-24  
  Keywords (up) Cultural safety; Curriculum; Nursing; Education  
  Abstract In 2006, Whitireia Community Polytechnic celebrates 20 years of tertiary education. Nursing was one of the first courses to start at the new Parumoana Community College in February 1986. Oral histories, gathered from the women who have been the leaders of the undergraduate nursing programme throughout these two decades, form the basis of this article.  
  Call Number NRSNZNO @ research @ Serial 1038  
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Author Richardson, S. openurl 
  Title Aoteaoroa/New Zealand nursing: From eugenics to cultural safety Type Journal Article
  Year 2004 Publication Nursing Inquiry Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 11 Issue 1 Pages 35-42  
  Keywords (up) Cultural safety; History of nursing; Nursing philosophy  
  Abstract The concept of cultural safety offers a unique approach to nursing practice, based on recognition of the power differentials inherent in any interaction. Clarification of the concept is offered, together with a review of the historical shift in nursing attitudes that has led to the emergence of “cultural safety” as a viable and valued component of nursing practice. The argument is made that cultural safety has allowed for a more reflective, critical understanding of the actions of nursing to develop. This includes recognition that nurses' attitudes and values have inevitably been influenced by social and political forces, and as such are in part reflective of those within the wider community. Comparison between the support given by nurses in the early 1900s to the theory of eugenics and the current acceptance of cultural safety is used to highlight this point. An examination of the literature identifies that ideological and conceptual changes have occurred in the approach of Aoteaoroa/New Zealand nurses to issues with cultural implications for practice. A review of background factors relating to Maori health status and the Treaty of Waitangi is presented as a necessary context to the overall discussion. The discussion concludes with an acknowledgement that while the rhetoric of cultural safety is now part of nursing culture in New Zealand, there is no firm evidence to evaluate its impact in practice. Issues identified as impacting on the ability to assess/research a concept, such as cultural safety, are discussed. For cultural safety to become recognised as a credible (and indispensable) tool, it is necessary to further examine the “end-point” or “outcomes” of the process.  
  Call Number NRSNZNO @ research @ Serial 1062  
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Author Kirkham, S.; Smye, V.; Tang, S.; Anderson, J.; Blue, C.; Browne, A.; Coles, R.; Dyck, I.; Henderson, A.; Lynam, M.J.; Perry, J.(see also C.); Semeniuk, P.; Shapera, L. openurl 
  Title Rethinking cultural safety while waiting to do fieldwork: Methodological implications for nursing research Type Journal Article
  Year 2002 Publication Research in Nursing & Health Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 25 Issue 3 Pages 222-232  
  Keywords (up) Cultural safety; Hospitals; Health behaviour; Culture; Nursing research  
  Abstract The authors trace a series of theoretical explorations, centered on the concept of cultural safety, with corresponding methodological implications, engaged in during preparation for an intensive period of fieldwork to study the hospitalisation and help-seeking experiences of diverse ethnocultural populations.  
  Call Number NRSNZNO @ research @ Serial 1078  
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Author Hunter, Kiri; Roberts, Jennifer; Foster, Mandie; Jones, Shelley url  doi
openurl 
  Title Dr Irihapeti Ramsden's powerful petition for cultural safety Type Journal Article
  Year 2021 Publication Nursing Praxis in New Zealand Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 37 Issue 1 Pages 25-28  
  Keywords (up) Cultural safety; Kawa whakaruruhau; Health equity; Maori health  
  Abstract Revisits the concepts addressed in Ramsden's speech to nursing graduands in 1990, 'Moving On'. Places the speech in the context of her later articles on cultural safety, in 1993 and 2000. Maintains that the concept is critically relevant in 2021 due to health disparities for Maori.  
  Call Number NZNO @ research @ Serial 1688  
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Author Ramsden, I. url  openurl
  Title Cultural safety and nursing education in Aotearoa and Te Waipounamu Type
  Year 2002 Publication Abbreviated Journal Victoria University of Wellington Library  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords (up) Cultural safety; Maori; Nursing; Education  
  Abstract The research on which this thesis is based involves both a private narrative and a public narrative, with the story of cultural safety, and the history, theory and the future direction gathered into one qualitative work. The work is divided into three sections. The first is entitled, Ko Wai Matou? The Private Narrative. This section seeks to explore the historical, social, educational, physical, emotional, political and moral influences and ephiphanies which brought about the personality which introduced cultural safety ideas into nursing and midwifery. Early nursing practice is investigated and examples from practice are used to illustrate learning and consolidation of the ideas which led to Cultural Safety Theory. The second section is entitled He Huarahi Hou: A New Pathway. This section explains the progress of the theory and its relationship to education pedagogy and to nursing practice. Comparison between the work of Madeline Leininger and the Transcultural Theory of Nursing and the New Zealand concept of cultural safety is undertaken. The role and application of the Treaty of Waitangi to the theory of cultural safety is explored in this section. The third section, entitled He Whakawhanuitanga: The Public Narrative, looks at the introduction of cultural safety into the nursing education system and its implementation. The public and media reaction to the inclusion of cultural safety in the national examination for nursing registration and the subsequent parliamentary response are noted. The interviews with nursing and midwifery leadership, Maori and pakeha key players in the process and consumer views of the ideas are documented and pertinent excerpts have been included. The work concludes with a discussion on the likely future of cultural safety as a theory and in practice and outlines several issues which represent a challenge to the viability of the concept in nursing and midwifery education. The author notes that the story of cultural safety is a personal story, but also a very public one. It is set in neo-colonial New Zealand, but has implications for indigenous people throughout the world. It is about human samenesses and human differences, but is also a story about all interactions between nurses and patients because all are power laden. Finally, she points out that, although it is about nursing, it is also relevant to all encounters, all exchanges between health care workers and patients.  
  Call Number NRSNZNO @ research @ Serial 486  
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Author Mackay, Bev (and others) openurl 
  Title Utilising the hand model to promote a culturally-safe environment for international nursing students Type Journal Article
  Year 2011 Publication Nursing Praxis in New Zealand Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 27 Issue 1 Pages 13-24  
  Keywords (up) Cultural safety; Nursing education; International students; Hand model  
  Abstract Backgrounds and describes the Hand Model, developed by a nurse teacher to assist her in teaching cultural safety, and suggests its potential to provide a framework for creating a culturally-safe environment for international students in NZ, including those aspects of cultural safety specific to NZ.  
  Call Number NZNO @ research @ Serial 1461  
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Author DeSouza, R. openurl 
  Title Wellness for all: The possibilities of cultural safety and cultural competence in New Zealand Type Journal Article
  Year 2008 Publication Journal of Research in Nursing Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 13 Issue 2 Pages 125-135  
  Keywords (up) Cultural safety; Nursing models; Cross-cultural comparison; Maori  
  Abstract The author contends that responses to cultural diversity in nursing need to consider the theory and practice developments of the profession, whilst also responding to broader social and historical process that prevent marginalised groups from utilising universal health services. A combination of approaches is suggested in this paper to meet these two imperatives. Cultural safety is one indigenous New Zealand nursing approach derived in response to inequalities for Maori, whereas cultural competence is an imported paradigm derived from a multicultural context. Furthermore, research and dialogue are required to examine points of complementarity and tension. This paper offers a beginning for this process.  
  Call Number NRSNZNO @ research @ 943 Serial 927  
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Author McEldowney, R.A.; Richardson, F.; Turia, D.; Laracy, K.; Scott, W.; MacDonald, S. url  openurl
  Title Opening our eyes, shifting our thinking: The process of teaching and learning about reflection in cultural safety education and practice: An evaluation study Type Report
  Year 2006 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords (up) Cultural safety; Nursing; Culture  
  Abstract The purpose of the research was an evaluation of practice exemplars as a reflective process in teaching and learning about cultural safety. Six Maori, two Pacific and five Pakeha students, ranging in age from 30 to 40, took part in the research. The research findings revealed five sub themes: personal safety, power/ powerlessness, reflection, teaching and learning and cultural safety. The presentation, while acknowledging that cultural safety shared some commonalities with culture care theory, highlighted differences between the two. These included that cultural safety was explicit in identifying the inherent power of the nurse in health care relationships; related to the experience of the recipient of nursing care, and extended beyond cultural awareness and sensitivity; provided consumers of nursing services with the power to comment on practices; and contributed to the achievement of positive outcomes and experiences for them. It outlined the characteristics of a culturally safe nurse as a nurse who had undertaken a process of reflection on her/his own cultural identity and who recognised the impact their personal culture had on client care.  
  Call Number NRSNZNO @ research @ 693 Serial 679  
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Author Greenwood, S.; Wright, T.; Nielsen, H. openurl 
  Title Conversations in context: Cultural safety and reflexivity in child and family health nursing Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication Journal of Family Nursing Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 12 Issue 2 Pages 201-224  
  Keywords (up) Cultural safety; Nursing; Education; Curriculum; Nursing philosophy; Teaching methods; Biculturalism  
  Abstract This article outlines some key aspects of the practice of a number of nurse educators and researchers, and their commitment to the needs of their specific region. The group has been based at the Waikato Institute of Technology (WINTEC) over the last decade and have worked collaboratively across primary health, cultural safety, and child and family health domains of the nursing curriculum. They share a common philosophy underpinned by notions of diversity and health equity. The philosophy informs their theoretical inquiry, practice and research interests, and pedagogical concerns. In this article, the nurse researchers begin by situating themselves within the region, its people, and influences before moving into a consideration of the wider political and policy environment. They then consider the destabilising effects of cultural safety education and the tension between biculturalism and multiculturalism in their context. Finally, they reflect on how these ideas inform their work with postgraduate child and family nurses.  
  Call Number NRSNZNO @ research @ Serial 883  
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Author Wepa, D. openurl 
  Title An exploration of the experiences of cultural safety educators Type
  Year 2003 Publication Abbreviated Journal Held in NZNO Library thesis collection  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords (up) Cultural safety; Nursing; Education; Teaching methods  
  Abstract This thesis is a study of the experiences of four cultural safety lecturers in nursing education in Aotearoa / New Zealand. A review of literature reveals the recent and turbulent evolution of cultural safety. The media which documented this journey in a negative light in the 1990s prompted ministerial inquiries and the publication of the Nursing Council of New Zealand's guidelines for cultural safety in nursing and midwifery education (1996). Action research methods enabled the participants to implement change in their practice and gain positive personal involvement in the study. Reflective diaries provided the major tool in this process as participants were able to achieve at least one action research cycle by identifying issues, planning action, observing the action and reflecting. The findings of the research revealed that the participants not only coped with every day stressors of teaching but they were also required to formulate knowledge of cultural safety. For the Maori participants their stress was confounded with recruiting and retaining Maori students and macro issues such as commitments to iwi. Lack of support to teach cultural safety was identified to be a key theme for all participants. An analysis of this theme revealed that it was organisational in nature and out of their immediate control. Action research provided a change strategy for participants to have a sense of control of issues within their practice. Recommendations have been made which focus on supporting cultural safety educators to dialogue on a regular basis through attendance at related hui; the introduction of nurse educator programmes; paid leave provisions for cultural safety educators to conduct and publish research so that a body of knowledge can be developed; and that Maori cultural safety educators be recognised for their professional and cultural strengths so that they do not fall victim to burn out.  
  Call Number NRSNZNO @ research @ Serial 1137  
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Author Richardson, F.I.; Carryer, J.B. openurl 
  Title Teaching cultural safety in a New Zealand nursing education program Type Journal Article
  Year 2005 Publication Journal of Nursing Education Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 44 Issue 5 Pages 201-208  
  Keywords (up) Cultural safety; Nursing; Education; Teaching methods; Feminist critique; Treaty of Waitangi; Maori  
  Abstract This article describes the findings of a research study on the experience of teaching cultural safety. As a teacher of cultural safety, the first author was interested in exploring the experience of teaching the topic with other cultural safety teachers. A qualitative approach situated in a critical theory paradigm was used for the study. The study was informed by the ideas of Foucault and feminist theory. Fourteen women between ages 20 and 60 were interviewed about their experience of teaching cultural safety. Five women were Maori and 9 were Pakeha. Following data analysis, three major themes were identified: that the Treaty of Waitangi provides for an examination of power in cultural safety education; that the broad concept of difference influences the experience of teaching cultural safety; and that the experience of teaching cultural safety has personal, professional, and political dimensions. These dimensions were experienced differently by Maori and Pakeha teachers.  
  Call Number NRSNZNO @ research @ Serial 885  
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Author Wepa, D. openurl 
  Title An exploration of the experiences of cultural safety educators in New Zealand: An action research approach Type Journal Article
  Year 2003 Publication Journal of Transcultural Nursing Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages 339-348  
  Keywords (up) Cultural safety; Nursing; Education; Teaching methods; Organisational culture; Maori  
  Abstract This research is a study of the experiences of four cultural safety educators in nursing education in Aotearoa, New Zealand. Action research methods assisted the participants to implement change in their practice and gain positive personal involvement in the study. Reflective diaries provided the major tool in this process as participants were able to achieve at least one action research cycle by identifying issues, planning action, observing the action, and reflecting. The findings of the research revealed that the participants not only coped with everyday stressors of teaching but were also required to formulate knowledge for cultural safety. For the Maori participants, their stress was confounded with recruiting and retaining Maori students and macro issues such as commitment to their iwi (tribe). Lack of support to teach cultural safety was identified to be a key theme for all participants. An analysis of this theme revealed that many issues were organisational in nature and out of their control. Action research provided a change strategy for participants to have a sense of control of issues within their practice. Recommendations include the following: support for cultural safety educators to have a dialogue on a regular basis, the introduction of nurse educator programmes, paid leave provisions for educators to conduct and publish research so that a body of knowledge can be developed, and that Maori cultural safety educators be recognised for their professional and cultural strengths so that they do not fall victim to burnout.  
  Call Number NRSNZNO @ research @ Serial 887  
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Author Spence, D. openurl 
  Title Hermeneutic notions augment cultural safety education Type Journal Article
  Year 2005 Publication Journal of Nursing Education Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 44 Issue 9 Pages 409-414  
  Keywords (up) Cultural safety; Nursing; Education; Transcultural nursing  
  Abstract In this article, the author integrates literature pertaining to the implementation of kawa whakaruruhau, or cultural safety, with the findings of a hermeneutic project that described the experience of nursing people from cultures other than one's own. It is argued that the Gadamerian notions of “horizon,” “prejudice,” and “play” can be used to facilitate understanding of the tensions and contradictions inherent in cross-cultural practice. Strategies are recommended that enable students to explore the prejudices, paradoxes, and possibilities experienced personally and professionally.  
  Call Number NRSNZNO @ research @ Serial 704  
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