Abstract: This paper is a literature review of the psychogeriatric specialty and describes the clinical role, practice and knowledge of the psychogeriatric nurse. Literature reviews provide a useful means for evaluating what is currently known and understood in a particular area of interest to help nurses' build current opinion into practice. Psychogeriatric nursing is a specialised field of practice that focuses on the mental health needs of people over the age of 65 (including younger people who have acquired needs that are similar in 'like' and age and 'interest'). The literature asserts the urgent need to develop the role and practice of the psychogeriatric nurse in order to address the complex needs of our ageing population in areas such as home care, hospitals, primary health, and long term care institutions. The findings highlight aspects of nursing care that are essential to the role and practice of the psychogeriatric nurse. Knowledge that is necessary for best practice in psychogeriatric nursing care is drawn mainly from the field of general psychiatry and gerontology but also from general medicine, psychology, neurology, and disability. Nurses' working with older adults affected by psychogeriatric conditions must possess a broad knowledge of physical and mental health issues that affect the elderly, including also knowledge and understanding of psychosocial risk factors that can also have an impact on the health and behaviour of older people and their carers. Despite these literal assertions however there appears to be a dearth of literature available to support the requirements for developing the psychogeriatric nursing specialty in clinical practice, research, and education. The author notes that authorities in this specialised field of practice generally agree that with an increasing aging population looming in the future more research in the field of “old age psychiatry” will be critical.

Abstract: Evidence within the literature highlights that staff within the general hospital wards are not necessarily equipped to assess and meet the needs of patients with mental health or behavioural problems. The author notes that this is cause for concern as a number of people requiring admission to the general wards often have a complex, interrelated combination of physical and mental health problems. Within New Zealand there have also been a number of changes to health care policies that have increased general nurses contact with mental health patients over the last decade. The Mental Health Consultation Liaison Nurse is an advanced nurse specialist who can meet this need. Having reviewed the literature and communicated with Mental Health Consultation Liaison Nurses in New Zealand and Australia, the author says it is clear that the availability of a mental health nurse within the district health board general wards would be advantageous to all. The role has been shown to positively influence the care of patients and benefit other health care professionals. It provides an improved system of care that is co-ordinated, integrated and responsive to the needs of patients and health care staff. The implementation of the Mental Health Consultation Liaison Nurse role has the potential to cut costs in relation to decreasing length of stay with untreated mental health issues, and reduce the cost of continued use of 'specialling' unnecessarily. Also of importance is the fact that such a position would assist the district health board to comply with the standards of health care provision as directed by the Mental Health Commission and the Ministry of Health. The author suggests that the introduction of the Mental Health Consultation Liaison Nurse role represents a change in traditional ways of providing general nursing and consequently there are a number of issues that may hinder its success. This dissertation aims to increase the visibility of mental health nursing and provide a resource for others debating the development and implementation of the Mental Health Consultation Liaison Nurse role.

Abstract: This social-cultural history explores the changing context, culture, and identity of psychiatric nurses working in New Zealand public mental hospitals between 1939 and 1972. Primary documentary sources and oral history interviews provided the data for analysis. The thesis is divided into two periods: 1939 to 1959 when asylum-type conditions shaped the culture of the institutional workforce, and 1960 to 1972 when mental health reform and nursing professionalisation challenged the isolation and distinct identity of mental hospital nurses. Between 1939 and 1959 the introduction of somatic treatments did not substantially change nursing practice in mental hospitals. Overcrowding, understaffing and poor resources necessitated the continuance of custodial care. The asylum-type institutions were dependent on a male attendant workforce to ensure the safety of disturbed male patients, and the maintenance of hospital farms, gardens, and buildings. Although female nurses provided all the care and domestic work on the female side, the belief that psychiatric nursing was physically demanding, potentially dangerous, and morally questionable, characterised the work as generally unsuitable for women. Introduction of psychiatric nursing registration which was a move toward professionalisation did little to change the dominance of a male, working-class culture. From 1960 to 1972 psychiatric nurses' identity was contested. New therapeutic roles created the possibility of the nurses becoming health professionals. Their economic security and occupational power, however, was tied to an identity as unionised, male workers. As psychiatric nurses were drawn closer to the female-dominated nursing profession through health service changes and nursing education reform, both men and women acted to protect both their working conditions and their patients' welfare. To achieve these ends, they employed working-class means of industrial action. By accepting the notion that psychiatric nurses' identity was socially constructed, this thesis provides an interpretation that goes beyond the assumption that nursing is a woman's profession. Instead, it presents psychiatric nursing as a changing phenomenon shaped by contested discourses of gender, class and professionalisation. Nursing in public mental hospitals attracted ordinary men and uncommon women whose collective identity was forged from the experience of working in a stigmatised role.

Abstract: This research is informed by the interpretive phenomenology of van Manen, and explores the lived experience of nursing from the perspective of nurses who provide care for people with a co-existing intellectual disability and mental health problem. Although nursing research is commonly informed by phenomenology, there is a dearth of literature of any description written from the perspective of nurses who provide care for people with intellectual disabilities and mental health problems. As a result of the closure of many large institutions in New Zealand there are not many nurses who work with people who have intellectual disabilities and co-existing mental health problems. The study participants were four nurses purposefully selected because they provided care for people with intellectual disabilities and mental health problems. Data was collected using semi-structured interviews, and the researcher identified and wrote about the recurring themes in the transcribed interview data, which best captured the lived experience of the participants. The themes were: criticism of services, holistic caring, working with the client, issues of status, need for specialist knowledge, enduring relationships, diagnostic issues, advocating, modelling good practice; and working alongside. After further analysis the themes were encompassed within the larger interrelated themes of “Status and positioning” and “Advocating practices”, and finally within a single theme of: “The status and positioning of the nurse and the client leads to advocating practices.” These themes were found to be consistent with the nursing literature and with the researcher's own lived experience as a nurse who works in a specialist mental health intellectual disability service. The findings of this research have implications for a number of groups in New Zealand. Among the author's conclusions are that input is required from the Nursing Council of New Zealand, the nursing profession, nurse educators and the government to raise the status of clients with co-existing intellectual disabilities and mental health problems and the nurses who work with this client group. In addition, the roles for nurses who work with this client group are emerging and are likely to be diverse and there is a need for further research to capture the different experiences of these nurses.

Abstract: New Zealand's ageing population is predicted to have increasing degenerative musculoskeletal changes affecting both mobility and morbidity. In response, the New Zealand government is supporting a one hundred per cent increase in the number of elective joint replacements performed across the country from 2004 to 2008. However, like other specialties, orthopaedic nursing is experiencing shortages. In order to improve the recruitment and retention of orthopaedic nurses, as with other nursing specialties, childcare is offered as a strategy for consideration. In 2005, New Zealand parents indicated in an online survey, that in order for them to work, they needed affordable, quality and conveniently located childcare. Nurses have similarly indicated the importance of childcare when considering and managing a balance between their work and home lives. This paper explores contextual work and home life balance dialogues in relationship to nursing recruitment and retention issues and New Zealand nursing. Childcare as a recruitment and retention strategy, is explored in the context of New Zealand nursing and compared with the childcare strategies employed for nurses by Britain and Australia – New Zealand's major competitors for New Zealand nurses. The author concludes that, in light of the international shortage of nurses, childcare is an important recruitment and retention strategy which is currently absent in many of New Zealand's district health boards. Recommendations are offered to support the balance between work and home life for nurses and reconcile orthopaedic nurses to the clinical setting in order to provide the quality and efficient care that is needed for New Zealand's ageing society.

Abstract: There is limited nursing research as to how mental health nurses work with client stories. Furthermore mental health nurses have not been asked how they would define a client story within their practice. Client's stories allow promotion of the storyteller's experience leading to increased self awareness by supporting growth, and personal development of the individual through exploration of their experience. While listening and working with these stories, mental health nurses are able to interpret, reframe and validate the experiences and meanings disclosed over time. Three community mental health nurses were interviewed about how they identified client stories within their clinical practice. They explained how they created an environment for stories to be told, and worked to enhance meanings, and view alternative possibilities by 'carrying' the story until the client was ready to explore it. By working and understanding stories, mental health nurses were able to work collaboratively with the client to provide humanistic care. Themes of therapeutic relationship, purposeful use of self, and narrative as therapy were identified within the nurse's stories, providing an understanding of how mental health nurses practice. This study was framed by narrative inquiry and influenced by Riessman and Polkinghorne. Core stories are presented from the analysis of the nurses stories about how they defined 'story' and worked with the client stories.

Abstract: This aim of this thesis was to explore and describe registered nurses' experiences of undertaking the statutory role of Responsible Clinician under the Mental Health (Compulsory Assessment and Treatment) Act 1992. The role of Responsible Clinician has been available to nurses since 1992 yet to date there has been little research into nurses' experiences of undertaking this role. An exploratory descriptive approach was therefore used in this study. A convenience sample of four nurses who had been undertaking the role of Responsible Clinician was recruited. Their experiences were elicited through in-depth interviews. Analysis of the interview material revealed the themes of legitimacy, relationships, expanding practice, responsibility and accountability, approaches to care, nurses' responsiveness to the role and support of the role. The author points to this research being important to nurses who are working in the psychiatric mental health area so that they can understand the role more fully. In this way, more nurses may choose to undertake the role of Responsible Clinician.

Abstract: This article describes the move in mental health from institutional care to community arrangements. It draws on international literature and New Zealand health policy, which gives increased emphasis to the role of the primary health care sector in responding to mental health issues. These issues include the need for health promotion, improved detection and treatment of mild to moderate mental illness, and provision of mental health care to some of those with severe mental illness who traditionally receive care in secondary services. These developments challenge specialist mental health nurses to develop new roles which extend their practice into primary health care. In some parts of New Zealand this process has been under way for some time in the form of shared care projects. However developments currently are ad hoc and leave room for considerable development of specialist mental health nursing roles, including roles for nurse practitioners in primary mental health care.