Woods, M. (1999). A nursing ethic: The moral voice of experienced nurses. Nursing Ethics, 6(5), 423–433.
Abstract: This article presents discussion on some of the main findings of a recently completed study on nursing ethics in New Zealand. An interpretation of a nurse's story taken from the study is offered and suggestions are made for nursing ethics education.
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Richardson, S. (1999). Increasing patient numbers: The implications for New Zealand emergency departments. Accident & Emergency Nursing, 7(3), 158–163.
Abstract: This article examines influences that impact on the work of the Emergency Departments (EDs). EDs are noticing increased attendance of patients with minor or non-urgent conditions. This increase in patient volume, together with on-going fiscal constraints and restructuring, has placed an added strain on the functioning of EDs. New Zealand nurses need to question the role currently given to EDs and identify the issues surrounding the increased use of these departments for primary health care.
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Milligan, K. (2002). Aesthetic knowledge and the use of arts in nursing. Beginning Journeys: A Collection of Work, 7, 9–14.
Abstract: The author considers aesthetic knowing and the use of the arts in nursing. She identifies concepts that pertain to the art of nursing. The interrelationship of the moral sense and the art of nursing is explored. The author concludes that the mediums of non-fiction, fiction and poetry can provide valuable contributions to the aesthetic way of knowing in nursing education, practice and research.
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Milligan, K., & Neville, S. J. (2003). The contextualisation of health assessment. Nursing Praxis in New Zealand, 19(1), 23–31.
Abstract: The authors defines health assessment and argue that it is a tool nurses should be using as a means of improving health outcomes for clients. The skills involved in health assessments are analysed, and four levels of data gathering are identified. The authors present an historical perspective, tracing the development of these skills as they have been incorporated in nursing practice in North America and Australia.
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Speed, G. (2003). Advanced nurse practice. Nursing dialogue: A Professional Journal for nurses, 10, 6–12.
Abstract: The concept and characteristics of advanced nursing practice in New Zealand and overseas is compared with the nurse practitioner role. There is an international debate over definitions of advanced nursing and the range of roles that have developed. The rationale for the nurse practitioner role in New Zealand is examined, along with the associated legislation currently before Parliament. Job titles and roles of nurses within the Waikato Hospital intensive care unit are discussed and ways of developing the role of nurse practitioner are presented.
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Walsh, K. (2004). Change and development of nusing practice: The challenges for the new century. Emergency Nurse New Zealand, 3(3), 10–13.
Abstract: In light of the current challenges facing the nursing workforce, the author proposes a way forward to capture and utilise the challenges to bring about positive change.
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Gohns, A. (2002). Management of opioid substitution treatment in the primary health care setting: A national training course for service providers. Full text online from the Royal New Zealand College of General Practitioners' website, 29(3), 172–175.
Abstract: The aim of this research was to describe a national opioid treatment training programme that was introduced into primary health care, and evaluate its effectiveness following its first year of operation. The programme was introduced as a strategy to recruit, train and support a primary health care workforce in the provision of methadone treatment. For the evaluation a written questionnaire was sent to the general practitioner, practice nurse and pharmacist participants of training programmes held throughout New Zealand in 2000. One hundred and forty-five (98%) participants reported that the overall quality of the course was good or better, and that relevant issues were, in general, covered. However a recurring theme related to difficulties in designing a course relevant to the three different professional groups, with some material not equally applicable to all. Another prominent theme pertained to the issue of funding. general practitioners lamented the failure to address the issue of transferring patients from a free specialist clinic to their practice for care. The evaluation of this pilot programme indicates that this training in methadone maintenance treatment was well-received by primary health care providers. However, the author notes that there is no benchmark with which to compare it.
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Kinealy, T., Arroll, B., Kenealy, H., Docherty, B., Scott, D., Scragg, R., et al. (2004). Diabetes care: Practice nurse roles, attitudes and concerns. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 48(11), 68–75.
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to report a study to compare the diabetes-related work roles, training and attitudes of practice nurses in New Zealand surveyed in 1990 and 1999, to consider whether barriers to practice nurse diabetes care changed through that decade, and whether ongoing barriers will be addressed by current changes in primary care. Questionnaires were mailed to all 146 practice nurses in South Auckland in 1990 and to all 180 in 1999, asking about personal and practice descriptions, practice organisation, time spent with patients with diabetes, screening practices, components of care undertaken by practice nurses, difficulties and barriers to good practice, training in diabetes and need for further education. The 1999 questionnaire also asked about nurse prescribing and influence on patient quality of life. More nurses surveyed in 1999 had post-registration diabetes training than those in 1990, although most of those surveyed in both years wanted further training. In 1999, nurses looked after more patients with diabetes, without spending more time on diabetes care than nurses in 1990. Nevertheless, they reported increased involvement in the more complex areas of diabetes care. Respondents in 1999 were no more likely than those in 1990 to adjust treatment, and gave a full range of opinion for and against proposals to allow nurse prescribing. The relatively low response rate to the 1990 survey may lead to an underestimate of changes between 1990 and 1999. Developments in New Zealand primary care are likely to increase the role of primary health care nurses in diabetes. Research and evaluation is required to ascertain whether this increasing role translates into improved outcomes for patients.
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Wilson, H. V. (2003). Paradoxical pursuits in child health nursing practice: Discourses of scientific mothercraft. Critical Public Health, 13(3), 281–293.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to examine the discourses of scientific mothercraft and their implications for the nurse-mother relationship, drawing on the author's recent research into surveillance and the exercise of power in the child health nursing context. The application of Foucauldian discourse analysis to the texts generated by interviews with five New Zealand child health nurses confirms that this paradoxical role has never been fully resolved. Plunket nurses primarily work in the community with the parents of new babies and preschool children. Their work, child health surveillance, is considered to involve routine and unproblematic practices generally carried out in the context of a relationship between the nurse and the mother. However, there are suggestions in the literature that historically the nurse's surveillance role has conflicting objectives, as she is at the same time an inspector and family friend.
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Hall, L. (2001). Burnout: Results of an empirical study of New Zealand nurses. Contemporary Nurse, 11(1), 71–83.
Abstract: This is the first New Zealand study to use the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and the Phase Model of Burnout to determine the extent and severity of burnout in a population of 1134 nurses. Burnout is conceptualised as a syndrome consisting of three components-emotional exhaustion, reduced personal accomplishment and depersonalisation of clients or patients that occurs in individuals who work in the human service professions, particularly nursing. It has been observed that nurses are at a high risk of burnout and burnout has been described as the 'professional cancer' of nursing. Results revealed an overall 'low to average' level of burnout, suggesting that New Zealand nurses, apart from those in the 41-45 age group, are doing better than expected insofar as they are managing to avoid or not progress to the advanced phases of burnout. Possible explanations and directions for future research are presented.
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Litchfield, M. (1999). Practice wisdom. Advances in Nursing Science, 22(2), 62–73.
Abstract: The paper is the report of two cumulative research projects studying the nature of nursing knowledge and methodology to develop it. They were undertaken as theses for masters and doctoral degrees at the University of Minnesota, USA. Nursing knowledge is depicted as relational: an evolving participatory process of research-as-if-practice of which 'health' (its meaning), dialogue, partnership and pattern recognition are threads inter-related around personal values of vision and community.
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Jonsdottir, H., Litchfield, M., & Pharris, M. (2003). Partnership in practice. Research & Theory for Nursing Practice, 17(1), 51–63.
Abstract: This article presents a reconsideration of partnership between nurse and client as the core of the nursing discipline. It points to the significance of the relational nature of partnership, differentiating its features and form from the prevalent understanding associated with prescriptive interventions to achieve predetermined goals and outcomes. The meaning of partnership is presented within the nursing process where the caring presence of the nurse becomes integral to the health experience of the client as the potential for action. Exemplars provide illustration of this emerging view in practice and research. This is the first of a series of articles written as a partnership between nurse scholars from Iceland, New Zealand and the USA. The series draws on research projects that explored the philosophical, theoretical, ethical and practical nature of nursing practice and its significance for health and healthcare in a world of changing need.
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Jonsdottir, H., Litchfield, M., & Pharris, M. (). The relational core of nursing practice as partnership. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 47(3), 241–250.
Abstract: This article elaborates the meaning of partnership in practice for nurses practising in different and complementary way to nurses in specialist roles and medical practitioners. It positions partnership as the relational core of nursing practice. Partnership is presented as an evolving dialogue between nurse and patient, which is characterised by open, caring, mutually responsive and non-directive approaches. This partnership occurs within a health system that is dominated by technologically-driven, prescriptive, and outcome-oriented approaches. It is the second of a series of articles written as a partnership between nurse scholars from Iceland, NZ and USA.
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Litchfield, M., & Jonsdottir, H. (2008). A practice discipline that's here and now. Advances in Nursing Science, 31(1), 79–92.
Abstract: The article is a collaborative writing venture drawing on research findings from New Zealand and Iceland to contribute to the international scholarship on the status and future direction of the nursing discipline. It takes an overview of the international historical trends in nursing knowledge development and proposes a framework for contemporary nursing research that accommodates the past efforts and paradigms of nurse scholars and reflects the changing thinking around the humanness of the health circumstance as the focus of the nursing discipline. It addresses contemporary challenges facing nurses as practitioners and researchers for advancement of practice and delivery of health services, and for influencing health policy.
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Polaschek, N. (2003). Negotiated care: A model for nursing work in the renal setting. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 42(4), 355–363.
Abstract: This article outlines a model for the nursing role in the chronic health care context of renal replacement therapy. Materials from several streams of literature are used to conceptualise the potential for nursing work in the renal setting as negotiated care. In order to present the role of the renal nurse in this way it is contextualised by viewing the renal setting as a specialised social context constituted by a dominant professional discourse and a contrasting client discourse. While performing specific therapeutic activities in accord with the dominant discourse, renal nurses can develop a relationship with the person living on dialysis, based on responsiveness to their subjective experience reflecting the renal client discourse. In contrast to the language of noncompliance prevalent in the renal setting, nurses can, through their relationship with renal clients, facilitate their attempts to negotiate the requirements of the therapeutic regime into their own personal life situation. Nurses can mediate between the dominant and client discourses for the person living on dialysis. Care describes the quality that nurses actively seek to create in their relationships with clients, through negotiation, in order to support them to live as fully as possible while using renal replacement therapy. The author concludes that within chronic health care contexts, shaped by the acute curative paradigm of biomedicine, the model of nursing work as negotiated care has the potential to humanise contemporary medical technologies by responding to clients' experiences of illness and therapy.
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