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Westenra, B. (2019). A framework for cultural safety in paramedic practice. Whitireia Journal of Nursing, Health and Social Services, (26), 11–17.
Abstract: Critically considers the application of cultural safety to working with diversity in paramedic practice in NZ. Presents a sociological framework, based on Mills's concept of 'sociological imagination' to analyse the connections between social and cultural factors in NZ and the author's professional experience.
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Tipa, Z. (2021). Mahi Ngatahi: Culturally-responsive ways of working with whanau accessing Well Child/Tamariki Ora services. Ph.D. thesis, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland. Retrieved June 30, 2024, from http://hdl.handle.net/10292/14007
Abstract: Highlights the perspectives of Maori families using health services provided by Well Child/Tamariki Ora (WCTO), citing institutional racism and unconscious bias. Interviews 18 families with children under five years, about their experiences of WCTO services. Employs a Kaupapa Maori research methodology to develop Mahi Ngatahi, a theory for culturally-responsive WCTO services.
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Roberts, J. (2020). An investigation into the preparedness for and experiences in working with Maori nursing students among New Zealand tertiary institutes, schools and nurse educators. Doctoral thesis, Massey University, Palmerston North. Retrieved June 30, 2024, from https://hdl.handle.net/10179/16056
Abstract: Performs an explanatory sequential mixed-methods study comprising a questionnaire followed by interviews, to understand the experiences and preparedness of nurse educators in working with Maori nursing students. Demonstrates that throughout NZ, nursing schools and the educational institutes in which they are situated are informed by a range of strategies aimed at supporting Maori learners. Finds from interviews that environments encompassing te ao Maori (the Maori world) and staff practises that aligned with this were enabling for Maori nursing students.
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Ferguson, K. M. (2021). The appropriation of cultural safety: A mixed methods analysis. Ph.D. thesis, University of Otago, Dunedin. Retrieved June 30, 2024, from http://hdl.handle.net/10523/12207
Abstract: Argues that the concept of cultural safety (CS) has been appropriated from an indigenous-led bicutural context to an inclusive cross-cultural framework for working with diverse patient populations. Investigates nurses' understanding of the 'Guidelines for Cultural Safety, the Treaty of Waitangi and Maori Health in Nursing Education and Practice' published in 2011 by the Nursing Council of NZ. Conducts a mixed-methods survey using both closed and open-ended questions to gauge nurses' confidence in applying the guidelines and their view of their relevance. Describes differences between NZ Registered Nurses (RN) and Internationally Qualified Nurses (IQN) in their understanding of CS. Argues that the CS model should be by Maori, for Maori.
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Minton, C., Burrow, M., Manning, C., & Van der Krogt, S. (2022). Cultural safety and patient trust: the Hui Process to initiate the nurse-patient relationship. Contgemporary Nurse, , 9 p.
Abstract: Argues that the Hui Process, being a model informed by Maori values on connection, serves the aim of the Fundamentals of Care framework for nursing students, to learn relationship-based nursing through culturally-safe practice and communication. Explains the Hui Process which comprises four steps: mihi, whakawhanaungatanga, kaupapa and poroporoaki. Examines how the process leads to culturally-safe patient-centred care.
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Te Whata, T. D. (2020). Determining the value of Maori nurses in Aotearoa. Master's thesis, Massey University, Palmerston North. Retrieved June 30, 2024, from http://hdl.handle.net/10179/17154
Abstract: Offers an understanding of how nursing discourse is embedded within legislation, regulatory bodies, and nursing practice and its direct impact on the health and well-being of Maori nurses. Argues that nursing discourse marginalises and undervalues tikanga. Explores the experiences of Maori registered nurses (RN) using a kaupapa Maori, mixed-method approach. Surveys over 300 Maori RNs about career and professional development, use of tikanga, cultural identity, and racism/discrimination at work.
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Corbett, A. (2004). Cultural safety: A New Zealand experience. Journal of the Australasian Rehabilitation Nurses Association, 7(1), 14–17.
Abstract: The Indigenous Nursing Education Working Group report “Gettin em n keepin em”, was presented at the Australasian Nurse Educators Conference held in Rotorua, New Zealand. The practicalities of the implementation of this report were challenged in light of the experiences of New Zealand nurse educators in implementing the concepts of cultural safety into undergraduate nurse education in New Zealand. The experiences of one Maori family with the Australian health system is given to illustrate the points made.
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Warren, S. (2002). Cultural safety, where does it fit? A literature review. Vision: A Journal of Nursing, 8(14), 27–30.
Abstract: This literature review discusses the history of the inclusion of culture into nursing studies. There is a small sample of overseas literature for critique with a focus on the inclusion of cultural safety in New Zealand. The concept of cultural safety was first introduced into New Zealand in the late 1980s. It was adopted by the New Zealand Nursing Council for nurses and midwives in 1992 and became part of the basic curriculum for nursing and midwifery education.
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Garrod, A. (2002). Cultural safety: Living with disability. Whitireia Nursing Journal, 9, 14–19.
Abstract: This article outlines some of the health experiences and concerns of people with physical and/or mental disabilities. These experiences and concerns are explored within the context of the practice of cultural safety. In 1996, the Nursing Council of New Zealand adopted its definition of cultural safety and defines 'culture', in the context of 'cultural safety', as involving all people who are not part of the culture of nursing. Each person with a disability is unique, and they may also be part of a larger disability culture, which has its own shared experiences, values, beliefs and lifestyles. People with disabilities are also a minority within the population. Therefore, any power they might have within their own culture is minimal, compared to the advantages enjoyed by the rest of the population.
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Richardson, S. (2004). Aoteaoroa/New Zealand nursing: From eugenics to cultural safety. Nursing Inquiry, 11(1), 35–42.
Abstract: The concept of cultural safety offers a unique approach to nursing practice, based on recognition of the power differentials inherent in any interaction. Clarification of the concept is offered, together with a review of the historical shift in nursing attitudes that has led to the emergence of “cultural safety” as a viable and valued component of nursing practice. The argument is made that cultural safety has allowed for a more reflective, critical understanding of the actions of nursing to develop. This includes recognition that nurses' attitudes and values have inevitably been influenced by social and political forces, and as such are in part reflective of those within the wider community. Comparison between the support given by nurses in the early 1900s to the theory of eugenics and the current acceptance of cultural safety is used to highlight this point. An examination of the literature identifies that ideological and conceptual changes have occurred in the approach of Aoteaoroa/New Zealand nurses to issues with cultural implications for practice. A review of background factors relating to Maori health status and the Treaty of Waitangi is presented as a necessary context to the overall discussion. The discussion concludes with an acknowledgement that while the rhetoric of cultural safety is now part of nursing culture in New Zealand, there is no firm evidence to evaluate its impact in practice. Issues identified as impacting on the ability to assess/research a concept, such as cultural safety, are discussed. For cultural safety to become recognised as a credible (and indispensable) tool, it is necessary to further examine the “end-point” or “outcomes” of the process.
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Corner, K. (2020). Perceptions of Indian IQNs transitioning into a bachelor of nursing programme in New Zealand. Kai Tiaki Nursing Research, 11(1), 61–62.
Abstract: Aims to understand the experiences of Indian internationally-qualified nurses (IQN) making the transition into a NZ bachelor of nursing (BN) programme. Conducts a focus group with four Indian IQN students enrolled in an 18-month bridging course. Identifies four themes: adaptation to a new way of learning; cultural differences in living and working in NZ; adaptation to a different clinical environment; and cultural safety.
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Greenwood, S., Wright, T., & Nielsen, H. (2006). Conversations in context: Cultural safety and reflexivity in child and family health nursing. Journal of Family Nursing, 12(2), 201–224.
Abstract: This article outlines some key aspects of the practice of a number of nurse educators and researchers, and their commitment to the needs of their specific region. The group has been based at the Waikato Institute of Technology (WINTEC) over the last decade and have worked collaboratively across primary health, cultural safety, and child and family health domains of the nursing curriculum. They share a common philosophy underpinned by notions of diversity and health equity. The philosophy informs their theoretical inquiry, practice and research interests, and pedagogical concerns. In this article, the nurse researchers begin by situating themselves within the region, its people, and influences before moving into a consideration of the wider political and policy environment. They then consider the destabilising effects of cultural safety education and the tension between biculturalism and multiculturalism in their context. Finally, they reflect on how these ideas inform their work with postgraduate child and family nurses.
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Spence, D. (2001). Prejudice, paradox, and possibility: Nursing people from cultures other than one's own. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 12(2), 100–106.
Abstract: This article provides a brief overview of the findings of a hermeneutic study that explored the experience of nursing people from cultures other than one's own. The notions prejudice, paradox, and possibility are argued to describe this phenomenon. Nurses in New Zealand are being challenged to recognise and address racism in their practice. Yet, the implementation of cultural safety in nursing education has created tension within the profession and between nursing and the wider community. As nurses negotiate the conflicts essential for ongoing development of their practice, the play of prejudice, paradox, and possibility is evident at intrapersonal and interpersonal levels as well as in relation to professional and other discourses. Nurses are challenged to continue their efforts to understand and move beyond the prejudices that otherwise preclude the exploration of new possibilities.
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DeSouza, R. (2008). Wellness for all: The possibilities of cultural safety and cultural competence in New Zealand. Journal of Research in Nursing, 13(2), 125–135.
Abstract: The author contends that responses to cultural diversity in nursing need to consider the theory and practice developments of the profession, whilst also responding to broader social and historical process that prevent marginalised groups from utilising universal health services. A combination of approaches is suggested in this paper to meet these two imperatives. Cultural safety is one indigenous New Zealand nursing approach derived in response to inequalities for Maori, whereas cultural competence is an imported paradigm derived from a multicultural context. Furthermore, research and dialogue are required to examine points of complementarity and tension. This paper offers a beginning for this process.
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Hughes, F., & Farrow, T. (2007). Caring for obese patients in a culturally safe way. Kai Tiaki: Nursing New Zealand, 13(4), 14–16.
Abstract: The authors review the contemporary notion of obesity and suggest that the nursing approach, with an emphasis on treatment, are shaped by a culture located within “western” views of ideal body shape. The biomedical framework regards obesity as disease and obese people as the cause of their own health problems. The authors note varying cultural interpretations of obesity, and suggest that by viewing obesity as a disease, the cultural, social or economic determinants of obesity are not acknowledged. Nursing needs to broaden the concept of the categories of difference to respond in a culturally safe way to obesity. Cultural safety asks that nurses care for people “regardful” of difference. This means nurses must reflect on the care given, so that the biomedical model is not just replicated. Nurse-led clinics offer an opportunity for practices based on nursing values of care and cultural safety. Such clinics are based on nursing's social model of health, rather than a biomedical, disease-focused model.
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