Litchfield, M. (2007). The innovation effort: ?Are you in or are you out??.
Abstract: A graphic presentation in PDF format (April 2007) of the findings and policy implications of the developmental evaluation research programme for the Turangi Primary Health Care Nursing Innovation.
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Litchfield, M. (2002). The successful design and delivery of rural health services: The meaning of success. Christchurch: Centre for Rural Health.
Abstract: A report on the analysis of data from an in-depth survey designed by Sue Dawson, previously Rural Health Researcher in the Centre for Rural Health, and follow-up interviews. The study purpose was to construct a definition of ?successful design and delivery of rural health services? as a step towards a measurement tool. Participants were grouped as general practitioners (GPs), nurses and community representatives. A format for a participatory approach to evaluation of rural health services is derived from the criteria of success identified, with its relevance for the implementation of the new Government primary health care strategy explicit. This format provided the basis for a subsequent evaluation case study undertaken in a small rural forestry township by the Centre for Rural Health.
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Litchfield, M. (2009). To advance health care: The origins of nursing research in New Zealand (NZNO, Ed.). Wellington: NZNO.
Abstract: This book examines in detail the confluence of personalities and professional and practice agendas, out of which emerged the research section, intent on placing research at the centre of the profession's evolution. It provides a fascinating look at how a group of women, utterly committed to nursing, drove their research agenda and it expands understandings of why nursing research is significant for the development of nursing. It also provides an insight into that web of relationships between the professional body, NZNA, the Department of Health, service delivery and education.
To order a copy:
Email: publications@nzno.org.nz
NZNO members: $25 (incl GST + p&p)
Non-NZNO members: $35 (incl GST + p&p)
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Litchfield, M. (1986). Thinking through diagnosis: Process in nursing practice. Nursing Praxis in New Zealand, 1(4), 9–12.
Abstract: A paper following on from the paper “Between the idea and reality” (Nursing Praxis in New Zealand 1(2), 17-29) proposing the focus for the discipline of nursing – practice and research – is diagnosis. For nursing practice, diagnosis is a practice that collapses “The Nursing Process”; for research to develop nursing practice, diagnosis is one continuous relational process that merges and makes the separate tasks od assessment, intervention and evaluation redundant.
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Litchfield, M. (1992). Computers and the form of nursing to come. International Journal of Health Informatics, 1(1), 7–10.
Abstract: An invited paper for the initial issue of the IJHI. Adapted from a paper presented at the annual conference of Nursing Informatics New Zealand, 1991 (subsequently incorporated into the collective organisation, Health Informatics, NZ.
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Litchfield, M. (1986). Between the idea and reality. Nursing Praxis in New Zealand, 1(2), 17–29.
Abstract: A paper presented as one of the four “Winter Lecture Series” hosted by the Nursing Studies unit of the Department of Education, Victoria University of Wellington. It is a critique of “ The Nursing Process” referred to commonly in nursing education programmes. It challenges the usefulness for nursing of the linear sequence of steps of assessment, diagnosis, planning, intervention and evaluation.
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Litchfield, M. (1993). Priorities for research. kai Tiaki: Nursing New Zealand, 1(8), 28–30.
Abstract: An article adapted from the author's contribution as an invited member of the International Panel of Nurse Researchers leading the Special Research Seminar of the 1993 International Council of Nurses Quadrennial Congress, Madrid, Spain. The priorities of nursing research in New Zealand were derived from the findings of a semi-structured survey of the opinions of nurses in academic settings.
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Litchfield, M. (1994). Viewpoint: Telling nursing stories. Kai Tiaki: Nursing New Zealand, 2(4), 28.
Abstract: A brief critique and comment on the ethical implications of nurse researchers using methodology that involves soliciting personal experiences of patients and subsequently publishing them as stories.
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Litchfield, M. (1997). The process of nursing partnership in family health (Vol. 4).
Abstract: The study reconceptualises the process of nursing practice where health is expanding consciousness. The praxis methodology and design derive from the findings of the previous study (Litchfield, 1993) through which a framework for personal practice was articulated. The philosophical premises were hermeneutic and dialogic reflecting a narrative orientation within a participatory paradigm. Ontology and epistemology merge and language is fundamental. The findings from this subsequent study depict the process of modeling practice as a tetrahedron to show inter-relatedness of four facets, each defined completely by the others: partnership, dialogue, pattern recognition and health as dialectic. Five young families with complex health circumstances were preferred by Plunket Nurses and visited at hole to talk about health and the family. Th e process of health patterning ended with indication of insight as the potential for action; the partnership ended as the closure of the initial contract to provide a summary text to the family. Transformative change in family living was identified. The continuous analysis of the scripts of the evolving conversations and summary text showed the relational, dialogic processes were identified as vision – finding purpose to act in the here-and-now against the backdrop of past and potential of the future; and community – a sense of being connected, participant and relevant in society. This process of research, as if practice, presented health and caring as synonymous and core of the discipline of nursing
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Litchfield, M. (1998). Professional development: Developing a new model of integrated care. Kai Tiaki: Nursing New Zealand, 4(9), 23–25.
Abstract: An overview of the model of nursing practice and nurse roles derived through a programme of nursing research in the context of the policy and strategies directing developments in the New Zealand health system. The emphsis was on the health service configuration model presented diagrammatically to show the position of a new role of family nurse with a distinct form of practice forming the hub.
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Litchfield, M. (2021). Nursing is -- and has -- a methodology: a nursing voice. Kai Tiaki Nursing Research, 12(1), 66–72.
Abstract: Argues that a nursing paradigm identifies and differentiates the nursing perspective on health, and reinterprets practical expertise. Posits that nurse researchers present their findings as practice wisdom. Suggests that the significance of nursing lies in its knowledgeable practitioners and that the nursing voice is a collective one. Emphasises the need for a distinctly nursing perspective on health in NZ.
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Litchfield, M. (1998). Case management and nurses. Nursing Praxis in New Zealand, 13(2), 26–35.
Abstract: The report of an exploratory study of current approaches to case management by nurses as requested by the College of Nurses Aotearoa New Zealand. It revealed different interpretations of nurse case management around New Zealand and in the US, UK and Australia. They differed according to the conceptualisation of health service design and delivery in the respective country. Case management in New Zealand in general presented nurse care management roles as an interface between the mangement of health service delivery and the peculiarities of the healthcare people received, holding the potential for achieving tailored, patient-centred care outcomes.
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Litchfield, M. (1998). The scope of advancing nursing practice. Nursing Praxis in New Zealand, 13(3), 13–24.
Abstract: An overview of the model of nursing practice and nurse roles derived through a programme of nursing research in the context of the changing New Zealand health system. The emphasis is on the complementary nature of the practice of family nurses taking a generic integrative service delivery hub role and the practice of other nurses advancing in specialist roles. Nursing care is presented as a professional, collective practice of registered nurses spread across all health service sectors and employment settings. Nurse roles are differentiated according to the interplay of two factors influencing the extent of practice autonomy the nurses assume (educationally supported) in responding to health need. A diagram depicts the interrelationship of competency and scope for the inclusive three different career trajectories of nurses advancing in practice. NOTE: This paper was published with an error in the title of the article (stated correctly on the journal contents page). An apology from the journal editor with an explanation of the importance of the use of the term ?advancing? and not ?advanced? was published in the subsequent issue (Nursing Praxis in NZ,14(1)).
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Jonsdottir, H., Litchfield, M., & Pharris, M. (2003). Partnership in practice. Research & Theory for Nursing Practice, 17(1), 51–63.
Abstract: This article presents a reconsideration of partnership between nurse and client as the core of the nursing discipline. It points to the significance of the relational nature of partnership, differentiating its features and form from the prevalent understanding associated with prescriptive interventions to achieve predetermined goals and outcomes. The meaning of partnership is presented within the nursing process where the caring presence of the nurse becomes integral to the health experience of the client as the potential for action. Exemplars provide illustration of this emerging view in practice and research. This is the first of a series of articles written as a partnership between nurse scholars from Iceland, New Zealand and the USA. The series draws on research projects that explored the philosophical, theoretical, ethical and practical nature of nursing practice and its significance for health and healthcare in a world of changing need.
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Litchfield, M., & Noroian, E. (1989). Changes in selected pulmonary functions in patients diagnosed with myasthenia gravis. Journal of Neuroscience – Nursing, 21(6), 375–381.
Abstract: Patients with myisthenia gravis (MG) face major pulmary problems as a part of the disease process. In this descriptive study, changes in selected pulmonary functions (respiratory rate, negative inspiratory force, tidal volume and forced total capacity) in 14 patients diagnosed with mild or moderate MG were measured every two hours from 8.00 a.m. to 8.00 p.m. Females comprised 64% of the sample while 36% were males. All subjects received anticholnesterase medication, and some subjects received additional treatment modalities. Most of the subjects were non-smokers or previous smokers, but two subjects continued to smoke. Ninety-three recent of the sample had forced vital capacities less than 60% of their predicted values. Myasthenic forced vital capacities were significantly lower (p=.0000) than those predicted for normal subjects. The inspiratory force for the sample was low sat 8:00 a.m. as well as in females over 55 years of age. There was a wide variation in total volume to normal values derived from random tables and predicted equations ws not significant. Th major implications from this study are the need to assess pulmonary function in the hospitalized myasthenic every two hours, and the need for a program of coughing, deep breathing and sighing after medication administration when the muscles are strongest
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